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== Possibility ==
The possibility of hybrids between humans and other [[ape]]s has been entertained since at least the medieval period; Saint [[Peter Damian]] (11th century) claimed to have been told of the offspring of a human woman who had mated with
Chimpanzees and humans are closely related.<ref name="Prüfer-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Prüfer |first1=Kay |last2=Munch |first2=Kasper |last3=Hellmann |first3=Ines |last4=Akagi |first4=Keiko |last5=Miller |first5=Jason R. |last6=Walenz |first6=Brian |last7=Koren |first7=Sergey |last8=Sutton |first8=Granger |last9=Kodira |first9=Chinnappa |last10=Winer |first10=Roger |last11=Knight |first11=James R. |last12=Mullikin |first12=James C. |last13=Meader |first13=Stephen J. |last14=Ponting |first14=Chris P. |last15=Lunter |first15=Gerton |date=June 2012 |title=The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes |journal=Nature |volume=486 |issue=7404 |pages=527–531 |bibcode=2012Natur.486..527P |doi=10.1038/nature11128 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=3498939 |pmid=22722832}}</ref> [[List of genetic hybrids|Genetic animal hybrids]] with different chromosome numbers decrease the probability of [[Genetic viability|viable]] offspring and rarely occur in the first cross.<ref name="McCarthy-2008">{{Cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Eugene |url=https://www.macroevolution.net/support-files/forms_of_life.pdf |title=On the Origin of New Forms of Life A New Theory |publisher=macroevolution.net |year=2008 |location=United State |pages=34 }}</ref> Evolutionary biologists have found evidence that hybridization between humans and [[Chimpanzee|''Pan troglodytes'']] resulted in some varieties of [[archaic humans]].<ref name="Caparros-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Caparros |first1=Miguel |last2=Prat |first2=Sandrine |date=2021-04-23 |title=A Phylogenetic Networks perspective on reticulate human evolution |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=102359 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102359 |pmid=33898948 |pmc=8054162 |bibcode=2021iSci...24j2359C |issn=2589-0042}}</ref><ref name="Arnold-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=Michael L. |last2=Meyer |first2=Axel |date=2006 |title=Natural hybridization in primates: one evolutionary mechanism |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16945512/ |journal=Zoology (Jena, Germany) |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=261–276 |doi=10.1016/j.zool.2006.03.006 |issn=0944-2006 |pmid=16945512|bibcode=2006Zool..109..261A }}</ref><ref name="McCarthy-2008" /><ref name="Winder-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Winder |first1=Isabelle C. |last2=Winder |first2=Nick P. |date=2014 |title=Reticulate evolution and the human past: an anthropological perspective |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24932745/ |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=300–311 |doi=10.3109/03014460.2014.922613 |issn=1464-5033 |pmid=24932745}}</ref> Chimpanzees and [[bonobo]]s are separate species, but hybridization has been documented.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vervaecke |first1=Hilde |last2=Elsacker |first2=Van |date=January 1992 |title=Hybrids between common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) in captivity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272356540 |journal=Mammalia |volume=56 |pages=667–669 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Genetic similarity, and thus the chances of successful hybridization, is not always correlated with visual appearances. Domestication and backcrossing has been found to increase fertility in subsequent generations.<ref name="McCarthy-2008"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.216923/page/n193/mode/2up?q=domestication |title=The Descent of Man. |year=1896}}</ref>▼
▲Chimpanzees and humans are closely related.<ref name="Prüfer-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Prüfer |first1=Kay |last2=Munch |first2=Kasper |last3=Hellmann |first3=Ines |last4=Akagi |first4=Keiko |last5=Miller |first5=Jason R. |last6=Walenz |first6=Brian |last7=Koren |first7=Sergey |last8=Sutton |first8=Granger |last9=Kodira |first9=Chinnappa |last10=Winer |first10=Roger |last11=Knight |first11=James R. |last12=Mullikin |first12=James C. |last13=Meader |first13=Stephen J. |last14=Ponting |first14=Chris P. |last15=Lunter |first15=Gerton |date=June 2012 |title=The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes |journal=Nature |volume=486 |issue=7404 |pages=527–531 |bibcode=2012Natur.486..527P |doi=10.1038/nature11128 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=3498939 |pmid=22722832}}</ref> [[List of genetic hybrids|Genetic animal hybrids]] with different chromosome numbers decrease the probability of [[Genetic viability|viable]] offspring and rarely occur in the first cross.<ref name="McCarthy-2008">{{Cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Eugene |url=https://www.macroevolution.net/support-files/forms_of_life.pdf |title=On the Origin of New Forms of Life A New Theory |publisher=macroevolution.net |year=2008 |location=United
All [[great ape]]s have similar genetic chromosome structure. Humans have one pair fewer chromosomes than other apes, as humans have 23 chromosome pairs, while all other apes have 24,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hugo |first=Kristin |date=2018-02-18 |title=Could Chimps and Humans Mate? Tales of 'Humanzee' Hybrid Are Murky and Likely Impossible |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/could-chimp-humans-mate-tales-humanzee-hybrids-murky-likely-impossible-796646}}</ref> with ape chromosomes 12 and 13 fused in the human genome into a large chromosome (which contains remnants of the [[centromere]] and [[telomere]]s of the ancestral 12 and 13).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Yuxin |last2=Elena |first2=Linardopoulou |last3=Friedman |first3=Cynthia |last4=Williams |first4=Eleanor |last5=Trask |first5=Barbara J. |title=Genomic Structure and Evolution of the Ancestral Chromosome Fusion Site in 2q13–2q14.1 and Paralogous Regions on Other Human Chromosomes |journal=Genome Research |date=2002 |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1651–1662 |doi=10.1101/gr.337602 |pmid=12421751 |pmc=187548 }}</ref><ref name=pnastt>{{cite journal |vauthors=IJdo JW, Baldini A, Ward DC, Reeders ST, Wells RA |title=Origin of human chromosome 2: an ancestral telomere–telomere fusion |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=88 |issue=20 |pages=9051–5 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1924367 |pmc=52649 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.88.20.9051|bibcode=1991PNAS...88.9051I |doi-access=free }}</ref> Chromosomes 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, and X are structurally the same in all great apes. Chromosomes 3, 11, 14, 15, 18, and 20 match among [[gorilla]]s, chimpanzees, and humans. Chimpanzees and humans match on 1, 2p, 2q, 5, 7–10, 12, 16, and Y as well. Some older references include Y as a match among gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans, but chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans have recently been found to share a large transposition from chromosome 1 to Y not found in other apes.<ref name=defphc>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wimmer R, Kirsch S, Rappold GA, Schempp W |title=Direct Evidence for a Pan–Homo Clade |journal=Chromosome Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1023/A:1014222311431 |year=2002 |pmid=11863072|s2cid=20147726 }}</ref> <ref name="Prüfer-2012" /><ref name="Caparros-2021" /><ref name="Arnold-2006" />▼
▲All [[great ape]]s have similar genetic chromosome structure. Humans have one pair fewer chromosomes than other apes, as humans have 23 chromosome pairs, while all other apes have 24,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hugo |first=Kristin |date=2018-02-18 |title=Could Chimps and Humans Mate? Tales of 'Humanzee' Hybrid Are Murky and Likely Impossible |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/could-chimp-humans-mate-tales-humanzee-hybrids-murky-likely-impossible-796646}}</ref> with ape chromosomes 12 and 13 fused in the human genome into a large chromosome (which contains remnants of the [[centromere]] and [[telomere]]s of the ancestral 12 and 13).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Yuxin |last2=Elena |first2=Linardopoulou |last3=Friedman |first3=Cynthia |last4=Williams |first4=Eleanor |last5=Trask |first5=Barbara J. |title=Genomic Structure and Evolution of the Ancestral Chromosome Fusion Site in 2q13–2q14.1 and Paralogous Regions on Other Human Chromosomes |journal=Genome Research |date=2002 |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1651–1662 |doi=10.1101/gr.337602 |pmid=12421751 |pmc=187548 }}</ref><ref name=pnastt>{{cite journal |vauthors=IJdo JW, Baldini A, Ward DC, Reeders ST, Wells RA |title=Origin of human chromosome 2: an ancestral telomere–telomere fusion |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=88 |issue=20 |pages=9051–5 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1924367 |pmc=52649 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.88.20.9051|bibcode=1991PNAS...88.9051I |doi-access=free }}</ref> Chromosomes 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, and X are structurally the same in all great apes. Chromosomes 3, 11, 14, 15, 18, and 20 match among [[gorilla]]s, chimpanzees, and humans. Chimpanzees and humans match on 1, 2p, 2q, 5, 7–10, 12, 16, and Y as well. Some older references include Y as a match among gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans, but chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans have recently been found to share a large transposition from chromosome 1 to Y not found in other apes.<ref name=defphc>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wimmer R, Kirsch S, Rappold GA, Schempp W |title=Direct Evidence for a Pan–Homo Clade |journal=Chromosome Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1023/A:1014222311431 |year=2002 |pmid=11863072|s2cid=20147726 }}</ref>
The degree of chromosomal similarity among apes is roughly equivalent to that found in [[Equus (genus)|equines]]. Interfertility of horses and donkeys is common, although sterility of the offspring ([[mule]]s) is more common. Complexities and partial sterility pertain to horse–zebra hybrids, or [[zorse]]s, whose chromosomal disparity is very wide, with horses typically having 32 chromosome pairs and zebras between 16 and 23 depending on species. The [[Przewalski's horse]] (''Equus ferus przewalskii'') with 33 chromosome pairs, and the domestic horse (''E. f. caballus'') with 32 pairs, have been found to be interfertile, and produce semi-fertile offspring: male hybrids can breed with female domestic horses.<ref name=ncbicyt>{{cite journal | last1 = Chandley | first1 = AC | last2 = Short | first2 = RV | last3 = Allen | first3 = WR | title = Cytogenetic studies of three equine hybrids | journal = Journal of Reproduction and Fertility | issue = 23 | pages = 356–70 | year = 1975 | pmid = 1060807 }}</ref>
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In the 1970s, a performing chimpanzee named [[Oliver (chimpanzee)|Oliver]] was popularized as a possible "mutant" or even a human–chimpanzee hybrid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parascope.com/en/cryptozoo/missingLinks10.htm| title=10. Oliver the Mutant Chimp| access-date=2006-03-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051228045237/http://www.parascope.com/en/cryptozoo/missingLinks10.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2005-12-28}}</ref> Claims that Oliver had 47 chromosomes—midpoint between the normal 46 for humans and 48 for chimpanzees—were disproven after an examination of his genetic material at the [[University of Chicago]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Science | author = Anonymous | year = 1996 | title = Mutant Chimp Gets Gene Check | doi = 10.1126/science.274.5288.727e | volume = 274 | issue = 5288 | pages = 727e–0| doi-access = free }}</ref> Oliver's cranial morphology, ear shape, freckles, and baldness fall within the range of variability exhibited by the common chimpanzee.<ref>Hill, WCO; in {{Cite book | last = Bourne | first = GH | year = 1969 | title = Anatomy, behavior, and diseases of chimpanzees (The Chimpanzee | volume = 1 | pages = 22–49 | publisher = S. Karger }}</ref> Results of further studies with Oliver were published in the ''[[American Journal of Biological Anthropology|American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]''.<ref name=Ely>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ely JJ, Leland M, Martino M, Swett W, Moore CM |title=Technical note: chromosomal and mtDNA analysis of Oliver |journal=Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=395–403 |year=1998 |pmid=9545080 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199803)105:3<395::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-Q}}</ref>
In the 1980s, there were reports of an experiment in human–chimpanzee crossbreeding conducted in [[China]] in 1967, and on the planned resumption of such experiments. In 1981, Ji Yongxiang, head of a hospital in [[Shenyang]], was reported as claiming to have been part of a 1967 experiment in
Timothy McNulty, "Chinese Aim To Implant Human Sperm In Chimps", ''St. Petersburg Independent'' 12 February 1981, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19810212&id=sbdaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rFgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6991,3347287&hl=en p. 19].
"Chinese May Resume Experiments to Create 'Near-Human' Ape", ''Houston Post'' (from ''Chicago Tribune''), 15 February 1981, p. 19, cited after Justin Leiber, ''Can Animals and Machines be Persons?: A Dialogue'', Hackett Publishing, 1985
[https://books.google.com/books?id=jTfsQ72qSckC&pg=PA71 p. 71].</ref>
In 2019, unconfirmed reports surfaced that a team of researchers led by
== Evidence for early hominin hybridization ==
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